Tag: antibiotic

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Cephradine | A Cephalosporin Antibiotic

cephradine,velosef, town pharmacy

Cephradine is a cephalosporin antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections. It is available in capsule form, and is also known by its brand name, Velosef. Cefradine capsules are prescribed by doctors to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and more.

The active ingredient in cefradine capsules is cefradine, which belongs to the cephalosporin class of antibiotics. Cephalosporins work by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to form a cell wall, ultimately leading to the bacteria’s death.

Cefradine capsules are typically taken orally, with or without food, and the dosage and duration of treatment will vary depending on the severity of the infection and the patient’s medical history. It is important to follow the instructions provided by your doctor or pharmacist and to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the end of the treatment period.

It is also important to let your doctor or pharmacist know if you are taking any other medications or have any underlying medical conditions before starting treatment with cefradine capsules. Some medications, such as antacids, can interfere with the absorption of cefradine and reduce its effectiveness.

In addition to its use in treating bacterial infections, cefradine capsules are also used for prophylaxis (prevention) of infection in certain surgical procedures, such as dental extractions or tonsillectomies. In these cases, cefradine capsules are typically taken before the procedure to prevent infection.

Cefradine capsules are available by prescription only and should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional. If you have any questions or concerns about cefradine capsules or their use, you should speak to your doctor or pharmacist.

Mechanism of Action

Cefradine is a beta-lactam antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It does this by binding to specific enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are involved in the cross-linking of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall. This leads to the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and ultimately the death of the bacteria.

Cefradine is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Clinical Efficacy

Cefradine has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of bacterial infections in clinical trials. In a study of patients with community-acquired pneumonia, cefradine was found to be as effective as amoxicillin in achieving clinical cure rates.

Cefradine has also been shown to be effective in treating urinary tract infections. In a study of patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections, cefradine was found to be as effective as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in achieving clinical cure rates.

Cefradine has been used successfully in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. In a study of patients with cellulitis, cefradine was found to be as effective as erythromycin in achieving clinical cure rates.

Adverse Effects

As with all antibiotics, cefradine can cause side effects in some patients. The most common side effects reported in clinical trials include gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other less common side effects include allergic reactions, such as rash and hives, and hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis.

Cefradine may also cause a variety of other adverse effects, including headache, dizziness, and skin rashes. In rare cases, cefradine may cause serious adverse effects, such as pseudomembranous colitis, a severe and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the colon.

Drug Interactions

Cefradine may interact with other medications and drugs, including other antibiotics, anticoagulants, and probenecid. Patients should inform their healthcare provider of all medications they are currently taking before starting treatment with cefradine.

Contraindications

Cefradine is contraindicated in patients who have a history of hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporin antibiotics or any of the ingredients in the medication. It should also be used with caution in patients with a history of liver disease or renal impairment.

Pregnancy and Lactation

Cefradine is classified as a category B medication by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which means that it has not been shown to cause harm to a developing fetus in animal studies. However, there have been no well-controlled studies of cefradine in pregnant women, and it should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks to the fetus.

Cefradine is excreted in human milk and may cause adverse effects in nursing infants

In conclusion, cefradine capsules are a commonly prescribed antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. They work by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to form a cell wall, ultimately leading to the bacteria’s death. Cefradine capsules are generally safe and effective for most people, but there are some situations in which they may not be suitable. If you have any questions or concerns about cefradine capsules or their use, you should speak to your doctor or pharmacist.

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Azithromycin | a Macrolide Antibiotic

 

IntroductionAzithromycin available under brand names of Azomax, Macrobac, Azitma, Zetro and more, is a macrolide antibiotic with a long half-life and a high level of tissue penetration.

It is primarily used to treat respiratory, enteric, and genitourinary infections, but it can also be used to treat some sexually transmitted and enteric infections in place of other macrolides. It has a similar structure to erythromycin 2.

Class of MedicineAzithromycin is a type of antibiotic known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by either killing or preventing the growth of bacteria. This medication, however, will not help with colds, flu, or other virus infections.
Mode of ActionBacteria require a specific process of protein synthesis, which is enabled by ribosomal proteins, in order to replicate. Azithromycin binds to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit’s 23S rRNA. It inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria by inhibiting the transpeptidation/translocation step as well as the assembly of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Labeling As a result, various bacterial infections are controlled. Label number seven. The high affinity of macrolides for bacterial ribosomes, including azithromycin, is consistent with their broad spectrum antibacterial activity.

Azithromycin is highly stable at low pH, giving it a longer serum half-life and higher tissue concentrations than erythromycin.

Medical UsesAzithromycin should only be used to treat or prevent infections caused by susceptible bacteria, in order to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance and maintain the efficacy of azithromycin Label.

Azithromycin is used to treat patients who have mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of the microorganisms listed in the specific conditions below. Dosages, duration of therapy, and considerations for different patient populations may differ between these infections.

Avaiability & UsagePneumonia in the Community
Indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients who can take oral antibiotics.Day 1: 500 mg PO x 1 dose, followed by 250 mg PO then OD on 2-5 DaysTonsillitis or Pharyngitis
Indicated as an alternative therapy for Streptococcus pyogenes-caused pharyngitis/tonsillitis in patients who are unable to receive first-line therapy.Day 1: 500 mg PO x 1 dose, followed by 250 mg PO then OD 2-5 Days.

Skin/skin structure that is uncomplicated
Indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Streptococcus agalactiae skin and skin structure infections.

Day 1: 500 mg PO x 1 dose, followed by 250 mg PO then Daily on Days 2-5.

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by acute bacterial exacerbations
Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae are indicated for treatment.

OR 500 mg PO qDay for 3 days

Alternatively, on Day 1, take 500 mg PO x 1 dose, followed by 250 mg PO qDay on Days 2-5.

Bacterial sinusitis, acute
Acute bacterial sinusitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae is treated with this medication.

500 mg PO Daily for three days

Chancroid Indicated for the treatment of genital ulcer disease in men caused by Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)

The efficacy of chancroid treatment in women has not been established.

1 dose of 1000 mg PO

Urethritis and Cervicitis caused by nongonococcal or gonococcal bacteria
It is used to treat urethritis and cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

1 dose of 1000 mg PO

Inflammatory Pelvic Disease
Indicated in patients requiring initial IV therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma hominis.

Side EffectsThese common side effects of azithromycin happen in more than 1 in 100 people. There are things you can do to help cope with them:

Feeling sick (nausea)
Diarrhoea
Being sick (vomiting)
Losing your appetite
Headaches
Feeling dizzy or tired
Changes to your sense of taste
Keep taking the medicine, but talk to your doctor or pharmacist if these side effects bother you or do not go away.

Serious side effects
Serious side effects are rare and happen in less than 1 in 1,000 people.

Call your doctor right way if:

You have a faster or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
the whites of your eyes turn yellow, or your skin turns yellow (this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin), or you have pale poo with dark pee – these can be signs of liver or gallbladder problems
You get ringing in your ears (tinnitus), temporary hearing loss, or you feel unsteady on your feet (vertigo)
You have severe pain in your stomach or back – this can be a sign of inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
You have diarrhoea (perhaps with muscle cramps) that contains blood or mucus – if you have severe diarrhoea without blood or mucus for more than 4 days you should also speak to a doctor

Important WarningA word about the dangers of liver toxicity:
Because azithromycin is primarily eliminated by the liver, caution should be exercised when administering azithromycin to patients with impaired hepatic function.

A word about possible renal toxicity:
Because there is a lack of data in patients with renal GFR less than 10 mL/min, caution should be used when prescribing azithromycin to these patients.

Available BrandsAzomax
Macrobac
Azitma
Zetro

 

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Doxycycline – A Tetracycline Class – Antibiotic

Introduction

Doxycycline, available under brand names Vibramycin, Contimycin, Nordox and others. It is a broad-spectrum tetracycline-class antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. Bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, Lyme disease, cholera, typhus, and syphilis are all treated with it. It’s also used in conjunction with quinine to prevent malaria.

Class of Medicine
Doxyycline belongs a a class of medicines called Tetracycline antibiotics,  It acts to cure infections by preventing germs from growing and spreading. It effectively treats acne by destroying bacteria that infect pores and reducing a natural greasy substance that causes acne. It combats rosacea by reducing the inflammation that causes the illness.

Mode of Action
In bacterial replication, a crucial contact for protein translation initiation occurs at the 3′ end of the 16S rRNA, which is present on the 30S subunit of the ribosome. The 30S subunit is the ribosome’s smallest subunit in prokaryotes, such as bacteria.
Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, are hypothesised to prohibit tRNA from binding to the RNA-30S bacterial ribosomal subunit, which is required for the transport of amino acids for protein synthesis, by binding to the 16S rRNA part of the ribosome. The commencement of protein synthesis by polyribosome formation is prevented as a result of the preceding actions. Hence the replication of bacteria stops and produces a bacteriostatic effect

How should this medicine be used?
Doxycycline is available in the form of a capsule, a delayed-release capsule, a tablet, a delayed-release tablet, and a solution (liquid) for oral administration. Once or twice a day, doxycycline is commonly taken. With each pill, drink a full glass of water. If you have stomach problems while using doxycycline, take it with food or milk. If you take doxycycline with milk or food, the amount of medication absorbed from your stomach may be reduced.

Common Side Effects

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Itching of the rectum or vagina
Sore or irritated throat
Swollen tongue
Dry mouth
Anxiety
Back pain
Changes in color of skin, scars, nails, eyes, or mouth

Important Warning

This medicine has the potential to induce significant skin responses. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and medication reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms are among them (DRESS). Blisters, peeling skin, and a rash of small purple patches are some of the symptoms.

Available Brands (list can be updated in future)
Vibramycin
Contimycin
Nordox

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Co-amoxiclav – A Penicillin Antibiotic

Introduction

Co-amoxiclav is an antibiotic available under brand names of Augmentin, Calamox, Amoxi-Clave that is used to treat bacterial infections.

It is made composed of amoxicillin (a penicillin antibiotic) and clavulanic acid. The clavulanic acid in amoxicillin prevents bacteria from breaking it down, allowing the antibiotic to operate more effectively.

Class of Medicine
Co-amoxiclav is an antibiotic that acts by killing infection-causing bacteria. It comprises amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, which are two distinct antibiotics. Amoxicillin is part of a class of antibiotics known as “penicillins.”

Mode of Action
Amoxicillin belongs to a group of antibiotics known as penicillin-like drugs. It works by preventing bacteria from growing. Clavulanic acid belongs to the beta-lactamase inhibitors class of drugs. It works by preventing amoxicillin from being destroyed by bacteria.
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are combined in this antibiotic. It kills germs by preventing them from forming cell walls. – Clavulanic acid inhibits the chemical defence against penicillins known as beta-lactamase, which is found in some bacteria.

How should this medicine be used?
Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid is available as a tablet, a chewable tablet, an extended-release (long-acting) tablet, and a solution (liquid) for oral administration. Every 8 hours (three times a day) or every 12 hours, the pills, chewable tablets, and suspension are commonly taken at the start of a meal (twice a day). The extended-release tablets are normally taken every 12 hours with a meal or snack (twice a day). Take amoxicillin and clavulanate at the same times every day to make it easier to remember. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and if there is anything you don’t understand, ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain it to you.

Follow the directions for taking amoxicillin and clavulanic acid strictly. Do not take more or less of it, or take it more frequently than your doctor has suggested.

Common Side Effects
diarrhea
upset stomach
vomiting
mild skin

Some side effects can be serious. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
severe skin rash
itching
hives
difficulty breathing or swallowing
wheezing
vaginal itching and discharge
yellowing of the skin or eyes rash

Important Warning

People with phenylketonuria, a rare genetic disorder, should avoid taking co-amoxiclav liquid.

If you have this disease, the beverage may include aspartame, which might be dangerous.

Co-amoxiclav does not combine well with a number of medications.

Before starting co-amoxiclav, tell your doctor if you’re taking any of the following medications:

  • Allopurinol or probenecid, which are used to treat gout
  • Warfarin, a blood thinner
  • Methotrexate, a cancer or rheumatic disease treatment
  • Mycophenolate mofetil is a drug that is used to keep transplanted organs from being rejected.

Available Brands (list can be updated in future)
Augmentin
Calamox
Amoxi-Clave

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Ciprofloxacin | An Antibiotic | Quinolones | Fluoroquinolone

Introduction
Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin, Novidat, Axcin, Cycin) is a fluoroquinolone of the second generation that is used to treat a variety of bacterial illnesses.
Ciprofloxacin has created a slew of antibiotic derivatives. It’s designed to treat a variety of bacterial illnesses via oral, intravenous.

Class of Medicine
Ciprofloxacin belongs to a class of antibiotics known as quinolones. This antibiotic is used to treat a number of different bacterial infections. It won’t work if you have a viral infection (such as common cold, flu)

Mode of Action
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone of the second generation that is effective against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. It works by inhibiting the enzymes bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Ciprofloxacin has a 100-fold affinity for bacterial DNA gyrase compared to mammalian DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolones have no cross resistance with other antibiotic classes, hence they may be useful in situations where other antibiotics are no longer effective. Ciprofloxacin inhibits topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV in bacteria. Ciprofloxacin targets DNA gyrase’s alpha subunits, preventing it from supercoiling bacterial DNA and thereby preventing DNA replication.

How should this medicine be used?

Ciprofloxacin is available in tablet, suspension (liquid), and extended-release tablet forms for oral use with or without food. The extended-release tablets are normally taken once a day, whereas the tablets and suspension are normally taken twice a day. The tablets and suspension can be administered as a single dosage to treat gonorrhoea. Ciprofloxacin should be taken at the same time(s) every day. Your treatment time will be determined by the sort of illness you have. The length of time you should take ciprofloxacin will be determined by your doctor. Ciprofloxacin should be taken exactly as prescribed. Do not take more or less of it, or take it more frequently than your doctor has suggested.

Ciprofloxacin of one type cannot be used in place of another. Ensure that you only get the sort of Ciprofloxacin that your doctor prescribed.
Ciprofloxacin should not be taken with dairy products or calcium-fortified liquids on their own. You can, however, take Ciprofloxacin with a meal that contains these foods or beverages.
Do not split, crush, or chew the tablets or extended-release tablets; swallow them whole. Tell your doctor if you can’t swallow the tablets whole.
If you’re taking the suspension, give the bottle a good 15-second shake before each usage to ensure that the drug is equally distributed. Chew the granules in the suspension before swallowing the precise dose.

During the first several days of your Ciprofloxacin medication, you should start to feel better. Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve or if they worsen. If you have a urinary tract infection and develop a fever or back pain during or after treatment, contact your doctor. These symptoms could indicate that your infection is getting worse.

Even if you feel better, keep taking Ciprofloxacin until the prescription is finished. Unless you encounter certain serious adverse effects indicated in the IMPORTANT WARNING under SIDE EFFECTS sections, do not discontinue taking Ciprofloxacin without consulting your doctor.

Common Side Effects

nausea
vomiting
stomach pain
heartburn
diarrhea
vaginal itching and/or discharge
pale skin
unusual tiredness
sleepiness

Important Warning
Some of the side effects may be serious, but they are quite rare. If you develop any of the symptoms listed below, stop taking Ciprofloxacin and contact your doctor right away.
Rash, hives, and itching, blistering or peeling of the skin
Eyes, face, mouth, lips, tongue, throat, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs swelling
Hoarseness or stiffness in the throat, as well as trouble breathing or swallowing. Cough that isn’t going away or is becoming worse
Having pale skin or eyes is a sign that something is wrong with you. Urine that is dark in colour, or stool that is light in color
Feeling uneasy or shaking, a racing or fluttering heartbeat, sweating; frequent urination, trembling, impaired vision, or extreme worry; fainting or loss of consciousness; sudden chest, stomach, or back pain

Available Brands (list can be updated in future)

Ciproxin (Bayer)
Axcin (Novartis)
Cycin (HIGH-Q)
Novidat (Sami)
Suprox (Platinum)
Cyrocin (Highnoon)